consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented. The condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included on the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on April 1, 2024. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited balance sheet at December 31, 2023 contained in the above-referenced Form 10-K. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for a full year.

PIPE Transaction

On March 28, 2022, following the Closing, the Company closed on a $32.0 million private investment in public entity (“PIPE”) transaction pursuant to a securities purchase agreement. Under the terms of the securities purchase agreement, for their $32.0 million investment, the PIPE Investors received shares of newly authorized CSI Series A convertible preferred stock convertible at a price of $13.60 per share into the Company’s common stock, together with warrants to purchase an additional $32.0 million of common shares at that same price. The Company used the proceeds from the PIPE to fund the cash portion of an asset acquisition, to repay $4.5 million ($5.6 million including five-year interest) of Pineapple Energy’s $7.5 million term loan from Hercules Capital, Inc., to pay for transaction expenses, and for working capital to support Pineapple Energy’s growth strategy of acquiring leading local and regional solar installers around the United States.

Registered Direct Offering

On February 5, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale by the Company of 2,702,703 shares of the Company’s common stock in a registered direct offering. The purchasers in this offering purchased, and the Company sold, the shares at a purchase price per share of $0.37. The sale closed on February 7, 2024 for aggregate gross proceeds of $1.0 million, before deducting the placement agent fees and related offering expenses.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The presentation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company uses estimates based on the best information available in recording transactions and balances resulting from operations. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. The Company’s estimates consist principally of allowances for credit losses, revenue recognition on commercial projects based on percentage of completion, asset impairment evaluations, accruals for compensation plans, lower of cost or market inventory adjustments, the fair value of warrant liabilities and related assets at the date of acquisition, the fair value of the contingent value rights and contingent consideration, provisions for income taxes and deferred taxes, depreciable lives of fixed assets, and amortizable lives of intangible assets.

Cash, Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company may invest in short-term money market funds that are not considered to be bank deposits and are not insured or guaranteed by the federal deposit insurance company (“FDIC”) or other government agency. These money market funds seek to preserve the value of the investment at $1.00 per share; however, it is possible to lose money investing in these funds. Total cash equivalents invested in short-term money market funds was $1,720,912 and $1,799,357 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The $1.5 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet as of

March 31, 2024 are funds that can only be used to support the legacy CSI business, and will be distributed to holders of the Company’s contingent value rights (“CVRs”) and cannot be used to support the working capital needs of the Pineapple Energy business.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable are recorded at their net realizable value and are not collateralized. Accounts receivable include amounts earned less payments received and allowances for credit losses. Management continually monitors and adjusts its allowances associated with the Company’s receivables to address any credit risks associated with the accounts receivable and periodically writes off receivables when collection is not considered probable. The Company does not charge interest on past due accounts. When uncertainty exists as to the collection of receivables, the Company records an allowance for credit losses and a corresponding charge to credit loss expense.

Inventories, Net

Inventories, which consist primarily of materials and supplies used in the installation of solar systems, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with costs computed on a weighted average cost basis. The Company periodically reviews its inventories for excess and obsolete items and adjusts carrying costs to estimated net realizable values when they are determined to be less than cost. The inventory reserve was $182,207 and $126,990 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Property, Plant and Equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations and additions or improvements are capitalized. Items of property sold, retired or otherwise disposed of are removed from the asset and accumulated depreciation accounts and any gains or losses on disposal are reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net

Goodwill represents the amount by which the purchase prices (including liabilities assumed) of acquired businesses exceed the estimated fair value of the net tangible assets and separately identifiable intangible assets of these businesses. Definite lived intangible assets, consisting primarily of trade names and technology, are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested at least annually for impairment. The Company reassesses the value of our reporting units and related goodwill balances annually on October 1 and at other times if events have occurred or circumstances exist that indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable.

Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets and Intangible Assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets and definite lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the assets may not be fully recoverable. If indicators of impairment exist, management identifies the asset group that includes the potentially impaired long-lived asset, at the lowest level at which there are separate, identifiable cash flows. If the fair value, determined as the total of the expected undiscounted future net cash flows for the asset group is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss is recognized for the difference between the fair value and carrying amount of the asset.

Mezzanine Equity

The Company has issued various financial instruments, including preferred stock.  Instruments containing redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within the Company’s control are classified as redeemable or mezzanine equity. The purpose of this classification is to convey that such a security may not be permanently part of equity and could result in a demand for cash, securities or other assets of the entity in the future. See Note 10, Convertible Preferred Stock, for further discussion regarding the reclassification of the Company’s Convertible Preferred Stock from permanent equity to mezzanine equity.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance, ASC 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” and ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.” Management’s assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, whether they meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815. See Note 11, Warrants, for further discussion regarding the reclassification of the Company’s PIPE Warrants from equity to liabilities.

For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, such warrants are required to be recorded as a liability initially at their fair value on the date of issuance, and subsequently remeasured to fair value on each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of liability-classified warrants are recognized in other income (expense) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the period of change.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when there is a transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company sells solar power systems under construction and development agreements to residential and commercial customers. The completed system is sold as a single performance obligation. For residential contracts, revenue is recognized at the point-in-time when the systems are placed into service. Any advance payments received in the form of customer deposits are recorded as contract liabilities.

Commercial contracts are generally completed within three to twelve months from commencement of construction. Construction on large projects may be completed within eighteen to twenty-four months, depending on the size and location of the project. Revenues from commercial contracts are recognized under a percentage of completion method, measured by the percentage of hours incurred to date against estimated total hours budgeted for each contract. Because of inherent uncertainties in estimating costs, it is at least reasonably possible that the estimates used will change within the near future. Contract costs include all direct material, labor costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor and other supplies. Selling, general and administrative costs are charged to expense as incurred. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability may result in revisions to costs and revenues which are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. Changes in estimated job profitability resulting from job performance, job conditions, contract penalty provisions, claims, change orders, and settlements, are accounted for as changes in estimates in the current period.

See Note 3, Revenue Recognition, for further discussion regarding revenue recognition.

Gross Excise Tax

The State of Hawaii imposes a gross receipts tax on all business operations done in Hawaii. The Company records the tax revenue and expense on a gross basis.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists of direct and indirect material and labor costs for solar energy system installations as well as warranty costs, permitting fees, financing fees and overhead, including costs related to procurement, warehousing and inventory management.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation awards on a fair value basis. The estimated grant date fair value of each stock-based award is recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period). The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Warranty

SUNation warrants its products for various periods against defects in material or installation workmanship. The manufacturers of the solar panels and the inverters provide a warranty period of generally 25 years and 10 years, respectively. SUNation will assist its customers in the event that the manufacturers' warranty needs to be used to replace a defective solar panel or inverter. SUNation provides for warranty up to the lifetime of the system on the installation of a system and all equipment and incidental supplies other than solar panels and inverters that are recovered under the manufacturers' warranty. SUNation provides extended workmanship warranties to the customer for up to 25 years for the service of inverters, which is reimbursed by the manufacturer.

The Company estimates its warranty obligations upon installation, an expense included in cost of sales, based on management’s best estimate of the probable cost to be incurred in honoring its warranty commitment.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding the method to allocate resources and assess performance. Our chief operating decision maker is comprised of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based on the financial information presented to and reviewed by our chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance, we have determined we have two operating segments, but meet the aggregation criteria in order to aggregate into one reportable segment.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss attributable to common shareholders per common share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted net loss attributable to common shareholders per common share adjusts for the dilutive effect of potential common shares outstanding. The Company had $11,322,639 in deemed dividends during the three months ended March 31, 2024, which decreases the numerator in the net loss per share calculation. The Company’s only potential additional common shares outstanding are common shares that would result from the conversion of the Series A convertible preferred shares, warrants and shares associated with the long-term incentive compensation plans, which resulted in no dilutive effect for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company calculates the dilutive effect of outstanding warrants and unvested shares using the treasury stock method and the dilutive effect of outstanding preferred shares using the if-converted method. There were no options or deferred stock awards excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because there were no outstanding options or deferred stock awards as of both March 31, 2024 and 2023. Warrants totaling 235,539,698 and 5,176,471 and restricted stock units totaling 795,370 and 650,212 would have been excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, even if there had not been a net loss in those periods, because the exercise price was greater than the average market price of common stock during the period.

Accounting Standards Issued

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which expands disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and requires more enhanced information about a reportable segment’s expenses, interim segment profit or loss, and how a public entity’s chief operating decision maker uses reported segment profit or loss information in assessing segment performance and allocating resources. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within